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In the 1830s officials urged native peoples in Upper Canada to abandon seasonal fishing and hunting migrations and settle permanently in agricultural communities. To this end, the government established a mission at Manitowaning under the auspices of…

In 1836 the Ojibwa and Odawa inhabiting Manitoulin signed an agreement with the Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada which made the Island a refuge for all First Nations. Authorities hoped that native peoples on the mainland would abandon their…